MID-TERM EVALUATION REPORT
DEVELOPING RENEWABLE
GROUNDWATER RESOURCES IN ARID LANDS
PILOT CASE: THE EASTERN DESERT OF EGYPT
Submitted to
UNDP Egypt Country Office
Submitted by
Dr. Abdallah Droubi and Dr. Sameh Afifi
Final
February 2006
List of Acronyms
CU
:
Cairo University
CEDARE:
Center for Environment and Development for the Arab Region and
Europe
ETL :
Engineering Team Leader.
GEF :
Global Environment Facility
GTL :
Government Team Leader (Ministry of Water Resources and
Irrigation).
IC
:
International Consultant.
IR
:
Inception Report
MIC
:
Ministry of International Cooperation.
MWRI :
Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation
NWRC: National Water Research Center
PM :
Project Manager (National Project Director).
PMC :
Project Management Committee.
SC :
Steering Committee.
STL :
Science Team Leader.
TL
:
Team Leader.
TOR :
Terms of Reference
TRP :
Targeted Research Project
TSKL :
Task Leader.
UNDP :
United Nations Development program
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Acknowledgement
The reviewers would like to acknowledge the sincere assistance that was received
from the various partners of the project in addition to the guidance by the UNDP
coordinator in facilitating the technical review and assessment of the project
progress. Not to mention specific personnel, however, without the personal response
received by the individuals above, this review may have not been feasible and a
complete overview of the project within the short timeframe of the review task may
have not been possible.
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Table of Contents
1.0
Executive Summary ........................................................................................ 1
1.1
Background of Evaluation ........................................................................... 1
1.1.1
Evaluated Project ................................................................................. 1
1.1.2
Purpose of Evaluation .......................................................................... 1
1.1.3
Methodology & Limitations ................................................................... 1
1.2
Conclusions of Findings .............................................................................. 2
1.2.1
Positive Findings .................................................................................. 2
1.2.2
Areas for Potential Improvement .......................................................... 4
1.3
Recommendations ...................................................................................... 5
1.3.1
General Recommendations .................................................................. 5
1.3.2
Recommendations for Immediate Implementation ............................... 5
1.3.3
Recommendations for implementation before project closure .............. 6
1.4
Lessons Learnt ........................................................................................... 7
1.4.1
Technical Approach ............................................................................. 7
1.4.2
Project Management ............................................................................ 7
1.4.3
Strategic Planning ................................................................................ 7
2.0
Introduction ..................................................................................................... 9
2.1
Overview ..................................................................................................... 9
2.2
Background of Evaluation ........................................................................... 9
2.3
Objectives of Evaluation .............................................................................. 9
2.3.1
General Objectives............................................................................. 10
2.3.2
Specific Objectives ............................................................................. 10
2.4
Methodology & Limitations of Evaluation ................................................... 10
3.0
Project Overview .......................................................................................... 11
3.1
Background ............................................................................................... 11
3.2
Project Objectives & Expected Outputs ..................................................... 12
3.3
Project Shareholders ................................................................................. 12
4.0
Project Concept & Design ............................................................................. 14
4.1
Review of Tasks ........................................................................................ 14
4.2
Review of Project Document ..................................................................... 16
4.3
Review of Stated Outputs .......................................................................... 16
4.4
Project Relevance ..................................................................................... 17
4.4.1
Project Relevance to GEF .................................................................. 17
4.4.2
Project Relevance to UNDP ............................................................... 17
4.4.3
Relevance to Egypt ............................................................................ 18
5.0
Project Implementation ................................................................................. 19
5.1
Effectiveness ............................................................................................. 19
5.2
Efficiency .................................................................................................. 28
5.3
Implementation & Management Arrangements ......................................... 29
5.4
Areas of corrective actions ........................................................................ 30
5.5
Areas of Potential success ........................................................................ 31
6.0
Project Results ............................................................................................. 33
6.1
General ..................................................................................................... 33
6.2
Impacts Beyond the Direct Beneficiaries ................................................... 34
7.0
Recommendations ........................................................................................ 35
7.1
General Recommendations ....................................................................... 35
7.2
Recommendations for Immediate Implementation..................................... 36
7.3
Recommendations for implementation before project closure ................... 36
8.0
Lessons Learnt ............................................................................................. 38
8.1
Technical Approach .................................................................................. 38
8.2
Project Management ................................................................................. 38
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8.3
Strategic Planning ..................................................................................... 39
Appendix 1 TOR ................................................................................................... 40
Appendix II List of Interviewee .............................................................................. 46
Appendix IV References ....................................................................................... 47
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1.0 Executive Summary
1.1 Background of Evaluation
1.1.1 Evaluated Project
The Eastern Desert Project is a Targeted Research Project (TRP), which aims to
develop a replicable model for demonstrating different approaches to integrate
renewable groundwater resources of watersheds into national water budget in arid
regions. The project should/(should have) conducted comprehensive studies leading
to the development, validation and demonstration of techniques for evaluating the
extent of alternative water resources arising from sporadic precipitation over large
watersheds in arid and semi-arid areas while using the Eastern Desert of Egypt as
the pilot site. The comprehensive techniques should encompass the use of various
geochemical and isotopic techniques, surface and ground water modeling, analysis
of satellite images and digital elevation data, seismic and dril ing data, field
observations, and exploration of development scenarios. The project should develop
procedures that can be used to accurately estimate the available groundwater water
resources, its distribution, quantity, and development potential. The procedures
should also be readily available to be applied in Egypt as well as countries that share
similar conditions to enable planning for water management with minimum
environmental, financial, and social risks. Thus, this project should be geared to
assist the Government of Egypt, and similar arid countries, in achieving national
goals and policies to meet increased demand of water, and to provide valuable input
to the national water resources management strategies and plans.
1.1.2 Purpose of Evaluation
UNDP has initiated, as an integral part of the project implementation cycle a midterm
evaluation for analyzing the achievements of the project against its original objectives
and providing donors, government and project partners with an independent review
of project status. Based on the review of technical and managerial aspects regarding
the effectiveness, efficiency, relevance, impact and sustainability of the project, this
report identifies the factors that have facilitated and impeded the achievement of the
project objectives.
1.1.3 Methodology & Limitations
The review was conducted based on: 1) Interviews with various partners of the
project, UNDP/GEF representative, selected trainees and steering committee
members; 2) Review of project documents including Project TOR, IR, Training
Courses Evaluation Forms, and Annual Progress Reports; and 3) Regional Seminar
on the Project Progress conducted in Cairo, December 2005.
Due to time limitation and accessibility to the field, the review did not assess the
project implementation tasks in the field. In addition, the review did not verify the
quality control procedures for conducted fieldwork and data gathering.
1.2 Conclusions of Findings
GEF demonstrates through this project the potential of good management of
Groundwater to release the stress on the use of surface water. The conclusions
drawn from this evaluation was based on review findings conducted by the evaluation
team. The findings were evident based according to the reviewed project
documentation, interviews and assessment work conducted during the period of the
evaluation. The findings of this review were categorized into two main sections:
Positive Findings: to be encouraged and adopted in similar projects.
Areas for Potential Improvement: to be studied and enhanced if
time/budget allows.
Conclusions from this review were utilized as the basis for the project
recommendations at this stage.
1.2.1 Positive Findings
The findings are summarized as follows:
Project is relevant to Egypt development priorities
With a rapidly growing population, Egypt is experiencing great chal enges,
from government subsidies being very high and unsustainable to diminishing
per capita and per acre water availability (because of growth) along with
deteriorating water quality (salinity, pol ution, and rural sanitation). The water
policy aims to evaluate the existing (includes the annual 55.5 bcm from the
river Nile and potential additional 9 bcm from expected projects) and
available water resources in Egypt including the potential groundwater
availability in the Eastern Desert. This project assisted the government in
evaluating the existing groundwater extraction potential in the eastern desert.
Project targeted strategic communities.
The project assessed the potential of water resources in areas where the
farming communities have been neglected for decades and could benefit the
most from this project for al eviating their poverty.
Good coordination by UNDP/GEF local office between project partners.
Due to the nature of this project (targeted research with execution and plan
development phase), it was expected that the coordination between the
various partners involved in this project to overcome their understanding and
background differences for the project execution, obligations and
expectations would be a main chal enge. The coordination by UNDP/GEF
local office between the various partners of the project was well done.
Interviews with the various partners revealed their appreciation for the
coordination efforts.
Training Courses are well conducted.
The project exceeded the number of training courses that was agreed upon
during the period of the project. Some courses were repeated and additional
courses were introduced.
Well-developed online Website for the project.
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The website constructed by the Michigan University for this project was
innovative, informative and represented a valuable resource.
Linking target research with field implementation.
The project initiative is considered a good experience for linking academic
sector to field work institutions. The integration of efforts between the MWRI
research unit represented by NWRC together with the CU/IC to execute parts
of the research work for the project was important due to the understanding
by NWRC for the existing field data collected by the institutes in NWRC and
the advanced enhancement of field data by CU/IC. NWRC provided in-depth
expectation for the MWRI Groundwater Sector for the outcome of this
project.
Project is relevant to UNDP/GEF priorities
There are 15 Operational Programs (OPs) through which the GEF provides
grants. Eleven of these reflect GEF's original focal areas: four in the
biodiversity focal area, four in climate change, and three more in international
waters. According to the GEF international waters OP scope, OP focuses on
the ecological status of transboundary water bodies, Operational Program
Number 9 focuses on area-wide interventions that typically involve integrated
management of land and water. This project impacts the integrated
management of land and water. The output of the project can be applied in
similar arid regions.
Project is publicized in national and international meetings
Six talks have been presented. Three talks with CEDARE at organized
workshops. One talk has been presented in Salvador, Brazil in June 2005
during a GEF organized international waters conference. In addition, a
presentation has been given during Sept 2005 in New Delhi in a conference
on Aquifer Recharge management organized by UNESCO and GEF. Another
talk wil be presented during the 4WWF in Mexico.
Utilization of surface/groundwater models to estimate the groundwater
potential
The role of surface/groundwater modeling in groundwater assessment was
crucial in the project phases.
Good financial management
The overall financial management of the project seemed well controlled. The
financial system applied the "payment upon delivery" approach for the
conducted tasks. Such approach usually avoids un-required/unsatisfactory
spending.
Project Partners are competent to accomplish the required tasks.
Scientists from CU, NWRC, MWRI and IC are wel trained on surface and
groundwater modeling, use of new technology of remote sensing and other
relevant techniques in hydrologic systems.
Innovative approach for groundwater assessment
The project developed technical approach for groundwater water assessment
in arid areas, where basic data are usually lacking or sporadic. Such
procedures can be applied in other similar areas in Egypt or outside. The
project has helped in ensuring transfer of new technology and know how for
water resources assessment and evaluation in arid lands to Egypt and the
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region. The project results wil assist the government agriculture
development policies to settle communities in new lands using alternatives
water resources other than the traditional ones ,such as the river Nile water
and non-renewable groundwater.
1.2.2 Areas for Potential Improvement
The areas for potential improvement can be accomplished if time and budget
permits. The main areas were:
Lack of field data to verify modeling efforts
There was lack of field data resembled in non-existence of installed some
rain gauges ( to check/ calibrate the NASA TRMM data) in studies areas and
non-drilling of additional wel s.
Lack of integrated research between the IC, CU and Research Institutes
The modeling efforts conducted by IC, CU and RIGW was distributed as
assigned tasks for different parts of the region, mainly Wadi El Assiuti, Wadi
Dara and Wadi Kena locations. The three partners modeled the three areas.
Interaction between partners to exchange modeling experience was not
conducted. Thus, capacity building and exchange of experience in
groundwater modeling was not achieved. This was evident from the variance
in advancement level of modeling expertise in the three areas.
Lack of Public Awareness
The project did not present the results in layman terms in local news media
Environmental impact assessment was not accomplished
The project did not yet accomplish an environmental assessment and impact
evaluation of the groundwater development in the eastern desert.
The project did not specifically address the investment potential
The project seemed to study various development scenarios. However, the
project did not yet preset a specific investment plan based on investment
potentials and even if the project was not intended to tackle this issue, but it
wil be very helpful for the country if such plan could be proposed by the
project) . The project also needs to address the socio-economic impact of
the proposed development.
Geophysical investigation was limited.
The geophysical investigation was limited to specific area of investigation
and was not expanded to provide regional scope for the eastern desert
project.
No effective role for the laboratory of hydraulic modeling in CU.
Although already existing in CU, there has been no evidence of considerable
contribution of the laboratory of hydraulic modeling to the conducted tasks of
the project.
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1.3 Recommendations
The recommendations of this review are conditioned by the remaining budget and
time constraints of the project. For planning purposes and suggestion of appropriate
action plan(s), the recommendations are presented in three groups:
General Recommendations;
Recommendations for immediate implementation; and
Recommendations to be implemented before project closure.
The recommendations are summarized as follows:
1.3.1 General Recommendations
These recommendations should be considered for the short/long term of the project
and after the project completion.
1. The project should be considered as a lead example in arid zones for utilizing
target research and applying scientific tools in addition to base knowledge in
order to serve development purposes.
2. Target research projects should be encouraged by GEF and this project
should be utilized to demonstrate the role of good management of
groundwater to release the stress on the use of surface water.
3. Utilization of geo-referenced Landsat Thematic Mapper data to identify
surface runoff and recharge rates should be utilized to compensate for lack of
field data.
4. Utilization of geochemistry and isotopic analysis for groundwater potential in
the eastern desert should be further utilized in similar arid lands.
5. The Government of Egypt should utilize the outcome of this project in
agricultural, urban, tourism and industrial development planning in the
Eastern desert.
1.3.2 Recommendations for Immediate Implementation
These recommendations should be considered in the very near future in order for
them to be feasibly implemented before the end of the project.
1. Considering the tasks that need to be fulfil ed and the positive
accomplishments that have already been conducted, the project period
should be extended to the first quarter of 2007 as a practical time scheme for
the completion of the project objectives.
2. Interaction, communication and technical expertise exchange need to be
strengthened and enhanced between the IC and the NWRC.
3. If budget permits, at least two wells need to be drilled in the eastern desert to
provide additional data and verify the developed models.
4. Geophysical investigation needs to be expanded to provide regional scope for
the eastern desert project.
5. The project needs to accomplish the environmental impact assessment for
the studies area.
6. Relocate the laboratory for hydrologic modeling at Cairo University (CU) to
the Faculty of Engineering to improve utilization and accessibility to the lab.
7. Increase the meetings/workshops between the partners working on the
project to refine the conducted work and ensure the proper accomplishment
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of remaining tasks. Project steering committee members may attend the
meeting to give periodical evaluation and guidance.
8. Representatives of other concerned stakeholders, mainly Ministry of
Agriculture, local communities should be invited to take part in the steering
committee
1.3.3 Recommendations for implementation before
project closure
These recommendations should be implemented before the end of the project
depending on budget and time practicality.
1. The results and proved/ tested technologies of this project in the eastern
desert should be largely disseminated to be further utilized in Egypt and other
countries by future related projects.
2. The project should, even if it is not the target objective of the project,
specifically provide an assessment for future investment potential in the area
(mainly for urban/agricultural/other uses). Such issue could assist the NWRC
for implementing further investigation in the area
3. The project needs to address the socio-economic impact of the proposed
development (if any) as it was recommended in the workshop of December
2005.
4. The project should utilize the local media to publicize the findings and
recommendations of the project.
5. A strategic plan for the exploitation of available water resources should be
drafted. This plan, based on the expertise gained during the implementation
of the project, could be used as a directive for further activities or
investigation.
6. Finalize a development plan (e.g. preliminary master plan) with alternative
scenarios for the study area focusing on the integrated management and use
of surface and groundwater. The plan should take into account the economic
aspect of water delivery and define the rate of extraction and quantity of
available water resources.
7. Test additional techniques for optimizing use of runoff such as flood
spreading, rainwater harvesting using cistern, study the relationship between
surface and groundwater for artificial recharge to groundwater and remote
sensing (TRMM, ASTER,SRTM) that were proved to be useful in arid lands.
8. A regional workshop should be organized with 2-3 month before the end of
the project. In addition to project partners, the workshop should involve
representatives from the main concerned beneficiaries of the project including
local communities, Ministry of Agriculture, investors, press, neighboring
countries, regional and international organizations.
9. Develop some guidelines and directives for the use of different techniques
tested and validated in this project.
10. It is necessary to discuss within the remaining time of the project with the
Ministry of Agriculture or other local communities on the best use of the
available groundwater and socio-economic development options. Mobilization
of additional external resources is probably necessary, in case it is not
possible to make use of the project funds.
11. It is necessary to find in cooperation with the ministry of agriculture some
alternative solution for using available brackish water in the area to alleviate
the pressure on nonrenewable groundwater from the Nubian (by incorporating
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new varieties of crop supporting salinity and even develop new crop pattern
with high added value and consuming less water).
12. The data base developed should be maintained and updated by a partner
institute.
13. A monitoring program for groundwater, surface runoff, precipitation in the
study area should be performed.
14. A committee from the executing agency (Cairo University) and NWRC should
be formed for planning and follow up the implementation of the
recommendations.
1.4 Lessons Learnt
This project provided several lessons to be learnt and further applied in current/future
similar projects. The lessons learnt from this project are classified in terms of
technical approach, project management, and strategic planning.
1.4.1 Technical Approach
1. GIS and geo-referenced Landsat Thematic Mapper data can be used as initial
estimates to identify surface runoff and recharge rates in the case of lack of
field data.
2. The use of isotopic analysis to identify groundwater recharge source(s) and
age proved to be very effective.
3. The technical procedures tested within the present project could be applied in
other areas in Egypt as wel as in neighboring countries with similar natural
conditions to enable the planning of land reclamation with minimum
environmental, financial and social impacts.
4. Integration of groundwater modeling with surface modeling can be very
effective to simulate groundwater scenarios in arid areas.
5. Utilization of Geostatistics (that was not used in this project) could have
enhanced the extrapolation of limited data at the region.
6. Presence of environmental, social and financial consultants in similar projects
may assist in the completion of an integrated development plan during the
progress of the project.
1.4.2 Project Management
1. Cooperation and coordination between different partners contributing to
similar projects could become a bottle-neck and critical factor for the
successful completion of the objectives.
2. Technical competence of partners and ease of exchange/enhancement of
information is crucial for similar projects.
3. In terms of financial project management, the implementation of "payment
upon
delivery"
concept
between
various
partners
avoids
un-
required/unsatisfactory spending.
1.4.3 Strategic Planning
1. The project proved that even in hyper arid areas, potential of water resources
exists that if developed and used in rational way could help in alleviating
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poverty within the local communities and help in developing new agriculture
communities out side the Nile Delta and River Nile valley.
2. Target research can benefit strategic development planning especially in
complicated and remote areas.
3. The Eastern desert is a potential region for future development and investment.
Carefully studied planning proved to be essential for sustainable development
in this region and similar locations.
4. The technical procedures tested within the present project could be applied in
other areas in Egypt as well as in neighboring countries with similar natural
conditions to enable planning of land reclamation with minimum environmental,
financial and social risks.
5. The project proved that it is possible to develop procedures that could be used
to assess and estimate accurately the available water resources with minimum
field data and information, which is the main characteristic of arid areas.
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2.0 Introduction
2.1 Overview
Water is scarce in the MENA region (Middle East and North Africa), one of the most
arid areas in the world. The severe waterrelated problems in the region have been
compounded in recent years by sharp increase in water demand due mainly to the
fast growing population in the region. Egypt as part of this region has shown its per
capita conventional water resources availability/year dropped from 2730 m3/year in
the year 1950 to about 870 m3/year in the year 2000 and it is expected to be
around 600 m3/y by the year 2025 ( UN-ESCWA 2005). It means that it wil be far
under the benchmark of 1000 m3/year/per capita (accepted international y) below
which the countries are likely to experience chronic water scarcity on a scale
sufficient to impede development and harm human health. Developing additional
water resources would be an initiative to overcome the water shortage that would
impact the development plan(s) of the country.
Over the last three decades UNDP supported several projects in the region related to
water resources development, management and sustainable uses. This project
under present review is one of those projects funded by UNDP/ GEF with the aim to
develop a replicable model for demonstrating different approaches fo integrate
renewable groundwater resources of watersheds into water budgets in arid regions.
This will assist Egypt in settling communities in new lands outside the traditional ones
(the Nile Delta and the river val ey) using non-conventional water resources to meet
increased demand of water while at the same time alleviating pressure on its surface
water resources and freshwater ecosystems.
2.2 Background of Evaluation
UNDP has initiated, as an integral part of the project implementation cycle a midterm
evaluation for analyzing the achievements of the project against its original objectives
and providing donors, government and project partners with an independent review
of project status. Based on the review of technical and managerial aspects regarding
the effectiveness, efficiency, relevance, impact and sustainability of the project, this
report identifies the factors that have facilitated and impeded the achievement of the
project objectives.
Since the mission is considered as a midterm evaluation, the outputs and
recommendations will assist in re-adjusting or re-orienting the stil un-realized project
activities. The evaluation should formulate the recommendations to facilitate the
achievements of the project objectives. Such recommendations should also focus on
the way and means for optimizing the project achievements. Lessons learnt should
be derived and replicated in similar areas of the region.
2.3 Objectives of Evaluation
The objectives of this evaluation are presented as:
General Objectives; and
Specific Objectives.
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2.3.1 General Objectives
1. Assess the effectiveness and efficiency of the project;
2. Provide recommendations that would assist in the successful completion of
the project; and
3. Provide lesson learnt to be adopted in future similar projects.
2.3.2 Specific Objectives
1. Assess the project design in terms of relevance to Egypt's developed
priorities, UNDP practice areas, GEF themes and needs of beneficiaries and
review of project concept and design in relation to the addressed chal enges
and stated approach for addressing them;
2. Assess the project Impact in terms of achievements to date against the
original objectives, outputs and activities using both process oriented and
technical environmental indicators; and
3. Evaluate project Implementation in terms of management arrangements,
quality and timeliness of output and activities, financial situation including
effectiveness, partner cooperation, capacity building etc.
2.4 Methodology & Limitations of Evaluation
The evaluation was conducted based on:
Interviews with various partners of the project, UNDP/GEF representative,
selected trainees, international consultant and steering committee members;
Review of project documents including Project TOR, IR, Training Courses
Evaluation Forms, and Annual Progress Reports; and
Regional Seminar on the Project Progress conducted in Cairo, December
2005.
Due to time limitation and accessibility to the field, the review did not assess the
project implementation tasks in the field. In addition, the review did not verify the
quality control procedures for conducted fieldwork and data gathering.
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3.0 Project Overview
3.1 Background
The project for "Developing Renewable Groundwater Resources in Arid Lands: A
Pilot Case The Eastern Desert of Egypt" started in September 2002. The inception
report was endorsed in October 2002 for a period of 36 month. However, the project
started effectively at beginning of 2003. The project period was extended to August
2006. The project is a
Targeted Research Project
(TRP), which aims to
develop a replicable model
for demonstrating different
approaches to integrate
renewable
groundwater
resources of watersheds
Project
into national water budget
Area
in arid regions. The project
should develop a replicable
integrated
model
for
evaluating the extent and
potential of groundwater
resources in arid lands.
According to the project
document, Egypt has been
chosen as a test site for
this project for several
reasons.
First,
Egypt's
landscape and its climatic and hydrologic settings are ideal for this study and it
resembles these settings in neighboring countries. Hence, results obtained in Egypt
can be used as a model and will be applicable to many neighboring countries.
Networks of minor valleys dissect the Red Sea Hil s and the surrounding Cretaceous
and Tertiary outcrops and join into main valleys that ultimately drain into the Red Sea
or the Nile River valley (e.g., Asyuti, Qena, and Hammamat; Figure 1). These
networks of channels collect rainfall as surface runoff in the main valleys and as
groundwater in the shal ow al uvial and limestone aquifers flooring the main val eys.
The large areal extent (e.g., 15,000 km2 for the Qena watershed) and extensive
network of individual watersheds in the Eastern Desert are ideal for channeling rain
precipitating over large domains into a limited number of main valleys and recharging
the aquifers flooring these valleys. These topographic and climatic conditions are
present along the Red Sea Hil s in Egypt, Sudan, Somalia, Saudi Arabia, and
Yemen. Similar conditions also exist in mountainous areas in North Africa (e.g.,
Tibesti in Libya, Ennedi Mountains in Chad) as wel . Second, as is the case in many
of the world's arid and semi-arid countries, Egypt relies almost exclusively on its
surface water (Nile River) and its fossil groundwater (Nubian aquifer). Such practices
have negative impacts on Egypt's freshwater ecosystems. Third, the geo-chemical
and isotopic studies (Sultan et al., 2000) indicate that flash flood waters stored in
shal ow aquifers during the past 45 years appear to be the principal source of most of
the analyzed groundwater samples in the Wadi El Tarfa and surrounding areas.
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3.2 Project Objectives & Expected Outputs
The objective of the project was to develop a replicable integrated technique for
evaluating the extent of renewable ground water resources in arid lands, with the
Eastern Desert of Egypt as a pilot site. Specifically, a comprehensive study was
conducted to investigate the distribution of alluvial aquifers and their recharge rates.
The model should be replicable for similar projects elsewhere in Egypt, (e.g., Sinai),
in Nile Basin countries (e.g., Red Sea hil s, in Sudan, Ethiopia), in northern Africa and
Middle Eastern countries (e.g., Tibesti mountains in Libya), and arid countries
worldwide with topographic settings (valley networks collecting meteoric waters from
mountainous areas) similar to those of the Eastern Desert.
The project should assist the government of Egypt in achieving national goals and
policies to meet increased demand of water while at the same time alleviating
pressure on its surface water resources and fresh water ecosystems.
The expected outputs from the project were mainly:
Identification of source, extent, and histories of groundwater in alluvial
aquifers under investigation;
Development of Rainfall/Surface Runoff model, and evaluation of the timing of
the recharge cycle is estimated, and the extent of the renewable groundwater
resources recharged by rainwater precipitating over the Red Sea Hil s area in
the Eastern Desert;
Construction of groundwater flow model, and investigation of groundwater
flow in the alluvial aquifers flooring one of the main valleys of the Eastern
Desert.
Production of a replicable model in neighboring Middle Eastern and Saharan
countries, thus contributing to the preservation of freshwater ecosystems in
the area;
Assessment of adverse ecological effects that could result from the
exploitation of the investigated freshwater resources; and
Providing in-country and out-of-country scientific, technical, and research-
oriented training and outreach activities centering on the assessment of
alternative water resources.
3.3 Project Shareholders
The main stakeholders of this project were mainly:
The National Water Research Center (NWRC) including the Research
Institute for Groundwater (RIGW) and Water Resources Research Institute
(WRRI);
The Groundwater Sector at the Egyptian Ministry of Water Resources and
Irrigation (MWRI); and
Cairo University (CU).
In addition to the main stakeholders, the project benefited educational and
governmental institutions in neighboring third-world countries (particularly in North
Africa and in the Middle East) that would utilize the project results by replicating the
Egyptian model in their countries. The scientists of CU and the NWRC received
training on applying the technical procedures described should have jointly
implemented the project activities to achieve outputs-outcomes. After the completion
of the project, CU and NWRC scientists wil be capable of providing scientific,
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technical, and practical guidance to their fellow citizens, as well as officials and
scientists from neighboring countries, to apply the Egyptian model elsewhere. In
addition, the farming community in eastern desert in Upper Egypt, a community that
has been neglected for decades, should benefit the most from this pilot project.
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4.0 Project Concept & Design
4.1 Review of Tasks
Reviewing the project design as stated in the Terms of Reference, the tasks can be
categorized as follows:
Training and capacity building;
Information dissemination;
Project operational setup;
Research setup;
Laboratory analysis;
Field work;
Research obligations; and
Implementation obligations.
Fol owing are the associated tasks (indicators) for the above categories and
percentage of completion up-to-date of evaluation process.
Training and capacity building should be completed subject to:
Organize a short course (3-5 days) on the use of isotopic and
geochemical data to investigate the sources of groundwater
Organize training course(s) in the general area of remote sensing and
image processing.
Acquire training on the use of surface runoff modeling.
Conduct training on the use of Groundwater Modeling (GMS software).
Percentage of completion is 100%.
Information dissemination should be completed subject to:
Design an information system.
Construct a web page.
Organize and maintain throughout the duration of the project, a library
(documentation unit).
Construct a digital backup system.
Organize three international meetings (one each year).
Organize meetings for the steering committee (on a semi-annual basis).
Conduct routine reporting (quarterly and annually) to UNDP and CU.
Present results in refereed international journals (at least one manuscript
should be accepted prior to the beginning of the third year).
Publicize results by giving talks in national and international meetings (at
least two talks per year).
Present the results in layman terms in local news media.
Percentage of completion was 90%.
Project operational setup should be completed subject to:
Prepare Inception Report.
Assemble Steering Committee.
Assemble Project Management Committee.
Assemble the core (full-time) project administration team.
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Prepare a tender document and detailed TOR for the IC.
Evaluate various responses to the tender document and select the IC.
Percentage of completion was 100%.
Research setup should be completed subject to:
Develop a laboratory for hydrologic modeling at Cairo University (CU)
Faculty of Engineering.
Review and compile existing studies and data.
Percentage of completion was 75%.
Laboratory analysis should be completed subject to:
Identify appropriate laboratories (overseas/national) to conduct
geochemical and isotopic analyses.
Analyze acquired and published geochemical, isotopic, field, and head
information.
Percentage of completion was 100%.
Field work should be completed subject to:
Organize and conduct a field trip (10 to 14 days) to collect groundwater
samples, relevant hydrologic parameters, and geologic observations.
Organize a field trip to perform infiltration tests.
Collect and analyze soil samples to obtain the average chloride
concentration of the soil water.
Set up a network of rain gauges.
Identify appropriate locations for stream flow gauges.
Collect real-time precipitation and flow data.
Construct a surface runoff model.
Col ect geophysical data.
Percentage of completion was 75%
Research obligations should be completed subject to:
Compute recharge rates using the chloride mass-balance approach.
Generate digital terrain elevation data.
Generate a mosaic of geo-referenced Landsat Thematic Mapper data.
Generate a digital mosaic from 1:500,000 geologic maps.
Generate a regional digital distribution map for soil and rock hydrologic
characteristics.
Co-register the digital mosaics.
Define criteria for validating the model and examine the validity of the
model against available field observations.
Estimate recharge rates during the selected storm events.
Examining the recurrence of large storm event (using 50 years data).
Select the most appropriate watershed(s) to conduct groundwater studies.
Develop a conceptual ground water flow model.
Construct and calibrate a 2-D groundwater flow model.
Calibrate the model.
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Conduct steady-state and transient simulations.
Explore the utility of recently developed commercial software for coupled
surface runoff/groundwater flow models.
Explore alternative development scenarios.
Assess any adverse ecological effects that could result from the
exploitation of the investigated freshwater resources.
Percentage of completion was 80%.
Implementation Obligations should be completed subject to:
Dril two to five wells.
Conduct a series of pumping tests.
Percentage of completion was 0%.
A detailed evaluation of accomplished tasks is presented in Section 5.1.
4.2 Review of Project Document
The following comments are based on the review of available project documentation:
References mentioned in documentation were not recent.
Some of the figures presented in the project document were not recent. For
example, in 2003 year of project implementation, the actual population of
Egypt was around 72 mil ions. However, the figure given in the document
was 60 mil ions.
Reference for related on-going activities were not given.
No reference was given in the document to any on going activities and
projects or economic activities in the study area.
Problem development is missing in the project document
The description of the social aspect ,local communities in the studied area
and the economic arguments to have chosen it was missing in the project
document. It is well known that the Western desert beneficiated from
development efforts relative to Eastern desert. This issue was not explained
in the project document.
Non-participation of Nile Basin Initiative and selected neighboring
countries.
The idea that representatives from neighboring countries and from Nile Basin
Initiative to joint the steering committee, as stated in the project document,
was good, but was not implemented.
4.3 Review of Stated Outputs
Major output should be a development plan, but not only
recommendations for further studies.
Linkages among objectives, activities, outputs, expected outcomes, and
impacts were well formulated. However, even if the project was to focus only
on testing or developing procedures that could be used to accurately estimate
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the available groundwater resources, MWRC and MWRI should build on
these outputs with through drafting a development action plan or
recommendations based on the accumulated knowledge and experience
gained during the implementation of the project, as a main output. This plan
would guide future interventions by the NWRC and the MWRI in the area.
Outputs 4 & 6 were difficult to assess during the project period.
Most of the objectives and outputs were properly stated, realistic and easily
verifiable. However, Output 4 (Production of a replicable model in
neighboring Middle Eastern and Saharan countries, thus contributing to the
preservation of freshwater ecosystems in the area) and Output 6 (Providing
in-country and out-of-country scientific, technical, and research-oriented
training and outreach activities centering on the assessment of alternative
water resources) were difficult to realize during the implementation period of
the project as stated in the project document. Such outputs could be realized
as a follow up to the project when all the appropriate technologies would have
been tested, validated and evaluated.
Future of Database management of project website was not clear.
The collected data and information gathered and used by different
stakeholders became valuable research resource. It was not clear if a
database has been developed to store all the data or has been dispersed in
the different institutes and groups involved in the project. It is essential that
such data including geology, geophysics, hydrology, climatologic, water level,
water quality, digitized maps, among other data be in an accessible database
for follow up activities. The constructed website for the project may contain
part of the above data, but it was not clear how it would be maintained after
the project closure (i.e. would any of the institutes or CU have management
control or accessibility?) It is necessary, after end up of the project, to
maintain the developed data base by a partner institute.
4.4 Project Relevance
4.4.1 Project Relevance to GEF
The reviewers agree with the project document that the project complies with the
strategic considerations of the GEF Operational Program 9 on Integrated Land and
Water Multiple Focal Area. The land degradation component under Program 9
identifies the integrated management of both surface and groundwater resources as
a priority for both transboundary basins and ecologically important multiple country
dryland settings. The topographic and climatic conditions for the minor valleys that
dissect hil s, collecting the surface runoff from precipitation to recharge alluvial and
limestone aquifers flooring these valleys are present along the Red Sea hil s in
Egypt, Sudan, Somalia, Saudi Arabia and Yemen. Similar conditions exist in
mountainous areas in North Africa as well. Accordingly the demonstration project
can be replicated in Middle Eastern Saharan and Sub-Saharan Countries.
4.4.2 Project Relevance to UNDP
The reviewers also agree that the project complies with the UNDP water strategy
issued in March 1998 in consistence with the decision of UN General Assembly in
1997 and the Commission of Sustainable Development on water. Among the priority
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areas of the strategy is the sustainable management of water resources, which is
one of the main objectives of the present project.
In addition, the project is relevant with other programs and projects related to water
resources development, uses and management that UNDP has been supporting over
the last three decades in the area of water exploration. Furthermore, the United
Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio in 1992
has produced Agenda 21 as a global plan of action aimed at reclining issues of
development with environmental protection. Chapter 18 of Agenda 21 focuses on
water resources and identifies seven key areas for priority action. This project
responds to the recommended actions stated in Chapters 18 in two areas, namely,
integrated water resources development and protection of water resources.
4.4.3 Relevance to Egypt
The project is relevant to development priorities of Egypt as one of the two strategies
adopted by the government of Egypt for securing water resources needed to improve
economic livelihood and develop new communities outside the Nile valley, depending
on increasing the utilization of groundwater for irrigation and desert reclamation. The
Eastern desert is one of the target areas for urbanization and land reclamation as
well. The methodology developed within the present project can also be useful for
further investigations in similar areas in Egypt. Consequently any efforts for
investigating and exploring additional water resources in desert areas and optimizing
the use of available water resources, such as rainfall, run off and renewable
groundwater stored in alluvial wadi aquifers are helpful and wil be beneficiary to the
economy of the country.
In addition, the development objective of the project complies with the national
priorities as highlighted in Egypt's water policy for the 21st Century that focuses on
development of groundwater as a non-conventional water resource
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5.0 Project Implementation
5.1 Effectiveness
The outputs were directed to the needs of the Groundwater Sector in the Ministry of
Water Resources and Irrigation was clear. The project results provide the sector with
an overview for the potential water resources in the studied area, especial y that the
eastern desert was not investigated as much as western desert area. Even, if the
outputs were not so precise and require further investigations, but the overall
conceptualization of the aquifer was provided to perform sustainable development.
Some of the project status activities were technically infeasible. For example, the
use of chloride mass balance approach to estimate recharge rate. This technique
demands specific precautions that are not easy to be handled in the field. In
addition, the results are often not accurate and depend on the field conditions.
The project requested that a monthly brief progress report would be completed for
distribution to project partners to perform their overview functions. This would be
good mean for monitoring and evaluation of the project implementation. The progress
reports were prepared to UNDP every three months and they were available upon
request. It is recommended that the report is distributed to all members and even put
on the website of the project. Such approach would facilitate the dissemination of
information.
Annual reports were also requested from the project manager to assess the
achievement of the project. The progress report of June 2005 was reviewed. The
indicators used in the report were appropriate and were assessed on quantitative
basis. But the qualitative aspect of the achieved outputs, mainly modeling could not
be specified. In spite that these models were intended to be replicated in other
areas, but the results were not verified nor validated. For example, the conducted
groundwater or surface water modeling were based on limited data in space and
time, which is the case everywhere in arid areas (for example for groundwater
modeling in Dara area the model was based on few boreholes and groundwater
monitoring level). The concern was how would this model be validated. Since the
model is a mean for solving mathematical equations, so in any way results will be
obtained. It was necessary in this case to elaborate some guidelines showing the
lessons learnt from the application of different models in the studied areas
constraints and recommendations for different solutions and approaches. The same
would be valuable for different remote sensing applied in the project activities.
The evaluation for the status of the conducted tasks is provided in details in the
following table.
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Overall Evaluation /
Conducted Tasks
Comments
Recommendations
Organize a short course (3-5 days) on the use of isotopic Done Not Done
Satisfactory Unsatisfactory
and geochemical data to investigate the sources of
y
it
groundwater
Done twice
The conducted training courses
Organize training course(s) in the general area of remote Done Not Done
exceed the pre-set requirements of
apac
g sensing and image processing.
the project according to the IR.
& C
ildin
Done twice
However, because of the technical
g
Bu Acquire training on the use of surface runoff modeling
Done Not Done
complexity of the project approach,
the Ministry personnel require
ainin
r
Conduct training on the use of Groundwater Modeling Done Not Done
additional training in order to be able
T
(GMS software)
to replicate the same project on their
Done twice
own in different areas.
Design an information system
Done Not Done
Satisfactory Unsatisfactory
Al project outputs are stored on
CDs and submitted to the Unlike similar projects, transparency
n
Ministry
in information dissemination is
atio
Construct a web page
Done Not Done
remarkable
for
this
project.
However, it is highly recommended
min
A web site has been constructed to communicate the project findings
se
by
the
Western
Michigan to the public and investors through
Dis
University to present project appropriate media means.
ion
outputs.
mat
Organize and maintain throughout the duration of the Done Not Done
r
o
project, a library (documentation unit)
Inf
Hard
copies
of
project
documents exist at the PM unit.
The GW sector is actually
utilizing the library as a valuable
information resource
Overall Evaluation /
Conducted Tasks
Comments
Recommendations
Construct a digital backup system
Done Not Done
Organize three international meetings (one each year)
Done Not Done
Two meetings are done. One at
2004 and the other at 2005.
Organize meetings for the steering committee (on a Done Not Done
semi-annual basis)
Done on annual basis
Conduct routine reporting (quarterly and annually) to Done Not Done
UNDP and CU
Done quarterly and annually
Present results in refereed international journals (at least Done Not Done
one manuscript should be accepted prior to the
beginning of the third year)
Published 3 papers and one
under publication. One master
thesis done in CU. The
candidate traveled to USA.
Another 1 master and 1 Ph.D.
students are conducted at
Western Michigan University
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Overall Evaluation /
Conducted Tasks
Comments
Recommendations
Publicize results by giving talks in national and Done Not Done
international meetings (at least two talks per year)
Six talks have been presented.
Three talks with CEDARE at
organized workshops. One talk
has been presented in Salvador,
Brazil during a GEF organized
water conference. The project
was
well
received
and
emphasized the feasibility of
funding
similar
groundwater
development project. In addition,
a presentation has been given
during Sept 2005 in New Delhi
in a conference on Aquifer
Recharge
management
organized by UNESCO and
JEFF. Another talk wil be
presented during the 4WWF in
Mexico.
Present the results in layman terms in local news media
Done Not Done
Not yet
a
Prepare Inception Report
Done Not Done
Satisfactory Unsatisfactory
n
ct
p Assemble Steering Committee
Done Not Done
je
o
atio
etu Assemble Project Management Committee
Done Not Done
The overall project preparation and
r
P
er
p
l S Assemble the core (full-time) project administration team Done Not Done
management is very well done. It
O
Prepare a tender document and detailed TOR for the IC
Done Not Done
counts for the management its
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Overall Evaluation /
Conducted Tasks
Comments
Recommendations
Evaluate various responses to the tender document and Done Not Done
approach in payment upon delivery
select the IC
basis for the conducted tasks. Such
approach should be extended in
similar
projects
to
ensure
satisfactory completion of project set
tasks.
Develop a laboratory for hydrologic modeling at Cairo Done Not Done
Satisfactory Unsatisfactory
ch
University (CU) Faculty of Engineering
Can't evaluate at this time
p
ar
Lab is available
etu
S Review and compile existing studies and data
Done Not Done
Accessibility is not satisfactory and
Rese
we recommend to be moved to
Faculty of Engineering.
Identify appropriate laboratories (overseas/national) to Done Not Done
Satisfactory Unsatisfactory
y
r
conduct geochemical and isotopic analyses
s
Al geochemistry is done
Need to Expand on the geophysical
ato
si
r
aly Analyze acquired and published geochemical, isotopic, Done Not Done
tasks to give more regional
abo
field, and head information
coverage
L
An
Soil sampling (infiltration and
sieve analysis)
Organize and conduct a field trip (10 to 14 days) to Done Not Done
Satisfactory Unsatisfactory
collect groundwater samples, relevant hydrologic
Can't evaluate at this time
k
parameters, and geologic observations
Five field trips were conducted
r
o
(each was 3-5 days) to different The serious lack of field data to
W
locations.
verify and calibrate the developed
d
iel
Organize a field trip to perform infiltration tests
Done Not Done
models raises several concerns.
F
Thus, if budget is available, it is
Collect and analyze soil samples to obtain the average Done Not Done
highly recommended to install
chloride concentration of the soil water.
additional wells (at least 2 wells) to
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Overall Evaluation /
Conducted Tasks
Comments
Recommendations
Set up a network of rain gauges
Done Not Done
verify the output of the groundwater
models. In addition, several rain
Only one rain gauge is installed gauges should be installed at the
in Hurgada.
various locations of the project to
Identify appropriate locations for stream flow gauges
Done Not Done
verify the recharge calculations
Collect real-time precipitation and flow data
Done Not Done
conducted by the research team.
Done at CU but not at site
Also
geophysical
investigation
Construct a surface runoff model
Done Not Done
should be expanded to provide a
regional scope for the eastern desert
Collect geophysical data
Done Not Done
project.
Done for wadi dara and 50%
done for wadi Kena
Compute recharge rates using the chloride mass- Done Not Done
Satisfactory Unsatisfactory
balance approach
Not done because of lack of
s
soil/water separating equipment
Although the research obligations
n
Generate digital terrain elevation data
Done Not Done
are not yet done at this time of the
atio
project, however, the research
lig
Generate a mosaic of geo-referenced Landsat Thematic Done Not Done
obligations seem to be satisfactory
b
Mapper data
progressing towards completion.
ch O
Generate a digital mosaic from 1:500,000 geologic Done Not Done
ar
maps
In addition to the environmental
Generate a regional digital distribution map for soil and Done Not Done
assessment and impact evaluation
Rese
rock hydrologic characteristics
that will be conducted before the
completion of the project, it is
Co-register the digital mosaics
Done Not Done
recommended to perform a socio-
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Overall Evaluation /
Conducted Tasks
Comments
Recommendations
Define criteria for validating the model and examine the Done Not Done
economic impact analysis for the
validity of the model against available field observations
The model was calibrated but project on the existing community
not yet verified because of lack and investment potential.
of field data
Estimate recharge rates during the selected storm Done Not Done
events
Examining the recurrence of large storm event (using 50 Done Not Done
years data)
Select the most appropriate watershed(s) to conduct Done Not Done
groundwater studies
Develop a conceptual ground water flow model
Done Not Done
(assiuti and dara)
Construct and calibrate a 2-D groundwater flow model
Done Not Done
Calibrate the model
Done Not Done
Conduct steady-state and transient simulations
Done Not Done
Explore the utility of recently developed commercial Done Not Done
software for coupled surface runoff/groundwater flow
models
Explore alternative development scenarios (if possible )
Done Not Done
Assess any adverse ecological effects that could result Done Not Done
from the exploitation of the investigated freshwater
resources
n
iDril two to five wells
Done Not Done
Satisfactory Unsatisfactory
lem
Can't evaluate at this time
atio
ligat
b
ons
One at Wadi Dara
Imp
ent
O
And one at Sheikh Shazly
Stil recommend to drill additional
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Overall Evaluation /
Conducted Tasks
Comments
Recommendations
Conduct a series of pumping tests
Done Not Done
wel s according to project findings.
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Comments on some of the reports prepared by the project';
1-Application of remote sensing and GIS techniques for hydro-geological
investigations of wadi systems in the Eastern Desert of Egypt: This report has been
prepared by the International Consultant. It focuses on the use of interdisciplinary
approach in which interferences from remote sensing data are being integrated with
observations extracted from other sources such as geochemistry, field geology,
drilling, and geophysics. The integration of data sets is being facilitated by the use of
Geographic Information System (GIS). One of the main features of this technology is
the utilization of global data sets available from the world land surface digital
elevation data extracted from SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission) or ASTER
(Advanced Spaceborn Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer). Such
approach, using Landsat images, is well known in hydro-geological investigations, for
defining lineaments in the outcropping rocks. The intersections of faults or fractures
are usually considered promising sites for groundwater exploration. In the present
project the approach is the same but the result is certainly more precise and the data
obtained is more accurate. The main constraint is the accessibility to this technology
produced by ASTER, and SRTM to all countries which is very doubtfully and most
probably very costly.
2- Geochemical and Isotopic constraints on the origin of the Eastern Desert
groundwater: This report has been prepared mainly by the University of Il inois, USA
with the participation of the International Consultant and Project Director. This report
is based on the use of isotopic technique (mainly stable isotopes) for identifying the
origin of groundwater in the study area and inter-linkages between different aquifers.
The main output was the identification of groundwater of different origin (shal ow and
Nubian aquifers). This method is well known and very cheap. For dating groundwater
the report proposed the utilization of the natural radioactive tracer chlorine -36. This
isotope helps for defining the age of very old water which can not be defined by C14
(the limit age for C14 is about 40000 years BP). For chlorine-36, it is possible to
estimate the age for more than 100000 years. The problem with using such
technique that it is very costly, not well performed and there are only very few
laboratories conducting this analysis. It could be useful to utilize it for research
activities, but for applied hydrogeology, there is no necessity because if we could
define an age more than 40000 years, so what wil change if it is more than 100000
or 200000 years (it is in any way considered as non-renewable).
3-Geophysical investigations in Wadi Dara prepared by the Research Institute for
Groundwater: The geophysical investigation in this study is based on conducting
geo-electrical investigation for defining the hydro-geological setting and delineation of
subsurface succession. This technique is considered the cheapest and well known in
the context of groundwater exploration. It is clear that the study has been well
conducted and the results were helpful.
- 4-Surface and groundwater modeling: Several models on surface and groundwater
have been prepared such as:
- For Wadi Dara surface and groundwater models
- For Wadi Qena surface and groundwater models
- For Wadi Assuity groundwater model
- For Wadi El Khareet surface water model
- For Wadi Abbad surface water model
- For Wadi Sannour surface water model
In total 3 groundwater models and 5 surface water models.
For surface water, all modeling work was based on using WMS (Watershed
Management System) software which is well known and very reliable one. The main
common characteristic of all the models done in different areas is the lack of rainfall,
runoff data. Al the models have been carried out on very limited rainfall data from
nearby rainfall stations and never in site and it is well known that in arid areas the
storm events, which generally generate floods occur most of the time very local y and
at elevated areas (upper part of the catchments area) where rainfall recorders are not
available. The rainfall data are also in most of the cases not in series, which could
influence the results of simulation. It is not possible to check the validity of the
outputs of all these models without having more measured rainfall, infiltration test in
some selected areas using flood gauges even for one time if possible. Because
whatever we enter in the model as input there wil be an output represented by
figures .The importance is to check the accuracy of the outputs by making some
calibration and validation, at least in one site. Based on that it is possible to
generalize the results and build on for further studies.
So, it is recommended for validating these models to install during the remaining time
of the project, a flood gauge and rainfall recorders on one of the wadis for calibrating
one of the models done.
For groundwater modeling based mainly on the use of GMS software, again there is
a need to perform some monitoring of the groundwater level, water quality and
volume extracted for calibrating the models done.
In general all the techniques and methodologies applied in this project were
appropriate and valid for hydro-geological investigations. The outputs were also of
good quality and very valuable for an exploration phase.
5.2 Efficiency
Even with the delay in startup, the project used its resources effectively to implement
most of the activities included in the project document to produce the target outputs.
The project provided focused targets and outputs derived by the main objective to
develop a replicable integrated technique for evaluating the extent of renewable
groundwater (distribution of alluvial aquifers and their recharge rate) and surface
runoff. The produced outputs coincided with the targeted objectives. The main factor
that facilitated the production of such outputs was the good collaboration of NWRC
with the project. Also the involvement of young specialists in the implementation of
different activities of the project by encouraging them to get academic degrees (MS.C
or PH.D) was a good factor facilitating the production of such outputs. The
involvement of Cairo University in coordinating and implementing the project
facilitated the training of these young specialists and providing them with scientific
base for accomplishing the different tasks requested in the project and get their
academic degrees.
Since the local communities were not involved in the planning and follow up of the
project, the local expertise (by gender) could not be evaluated. The local community
in the study area was mainly Bedouins and the use of water was mainly for human,
cattle drinking and to some extent for few agriculture activities. The local expertise
was poor. The application of remote sensing techniques (e.g. TRMM, SRTM...) was
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advanced and required more training as well as continuous update of equipment and
images.
5.3 Implementation & Management Arrangements
The modalities as defined in the project document for the execution and
implementation of the project was well structured. It linked the academic sector,
represented by Cairo University to applied research institutes represented by NWRC
as the responsible body for performing field and investigation studies in the MWRI.
Thus, the project linked the scientific researchers to field specialists, which was good
concept.
The steering committee (which convene twice a year) of the project ensured that all
the stakeholders were well informed about the progress of the work. The committee
would setup the strategies in line with the project objectives. The Steering committee
supervised project implementation progress and adjusted the policies/strategies in
line with the project objectives. The idea to include representatives from neighboring
countries in the steering committee was good but was not implemented.
Having a Project Management Unit (PMU) that included the team leaders and the
project manager to guide technical, operational and administrative matters was also
good concept. The task of this unit was to facilitate sharing and transferring
technology between Cairo University and NWRC. In general the proposed structure
was very appropriate, assuming that everything would be going as planned and the
functions assigned would be well followed by different partners.
Due to the nature of this project (targeted research with execution and plan
development phase), it was expected that the coordination between the various
partners involved in this project to overcome their understanding and background
differences for the project execution, obligations and expectations would be a main
chal enge. The coordination by UNDP/GEF local office between the various partners
of the project was well done. Interviews with the various partners revealed their
appreciation for the coordination efforts. In addition, the CO was involved in the
steering committee and the Project Management Unit, the evaluation of the monthly
progress report, the annual reports, and project implementation review. UNDP
country office was also involved in the selection of the Project Manager and the
control of effective use of UNDP-GEF resources.
One question appears regarding, the nomination of members of the steering
committee, mainly from partner institutes and the groundwater sector in the ministry.
This raises the concern about the continuity for follow up the project if the member is
not able to attend or has been moved which was the case of the fast change in the
post of the director of groundwater sector in the ministry.
There were some changes in activities and work plan from the project document; The
following activities have not been implemented;
- Soil samples to obtain the average chloride concentration of the soil water.
- Compute recharge rate using the chloride mass balance
- Infiltration test to estimate recharge.
- Set up network of rain gauges (only one has been installed).
- The stream flow gauges
- Dril only two wells ( the inception report suggest from 2 to 5 wells ).
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5.4 Areas of corrective actions
Corrective actions can be planned to improve the following areas:
Considering the tasks that need to be fulfil ed and the positive accomplishments
that have already been conducted, the project period should be extended to the
first quarter of 2007 as a practical time scheme for the completion of the project
objectives while considering the recommended corrective actions in this report.
Ful commitments and cooperation of different partners. There was some lack of
cooperation between different partners.
Activation of the steering committee meetings and PMU. Because the project
closure is approaching, the meetings should be more regular and more often (for
example the steering committee should meet regularly each 4 months and the
PMU more). So it is useful to accelerate the procedures for achieving the rest of
the activities, mainly the drilling of wells, setup rain gauges, conducting pumping
test for estimating aquifer characteristics and validating the groundwater model.
Information circulation. Ensure that the information about the project activities
and implementation arrive to all concerned parties, groups and involved
personnel. It seems that there was lack in circulation of the information between
different groups working within the project (and even in different studied areas:
e.g. Wadi Dara, Qena Asyuti). To enhance the exchange of ideas and
experiences between groups it is recommended to organize small seminars for
working groups to present their findings and discuss the faced problems
especially that all studied areas are similar and all are lacking data and
information.
Interaction, communication and technical expertise exchange need to be
strengthened and enhanced between the IC and the NWRC.
If budget permits, at least two wells need to be drilled in the eastern desert to
provide additional data and verify the developed models.
Geophysical investigation needs to be expanded to provide regional scope for the
eastern desert project.
The project needs to accomplish the environmental impact assessment for the
studied area.
Relocate the laboratory for hydrologic modeling at Cairo University (CU) to the
Faculty of Engineering to improve utilization and accessibility to the lab.
Increase the meetings/workshops between the partners working on the project to
refine the conducted work and ensure the proper accomplishment of remaining
tasks. Project steering committee members may attend the meeting to give
periodical evaluation and guidance.
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Involvement of local communities and ministry of agriculture in defining
alternative development scenarios by incorporating them in the steering
committee.
It is necessary to define the profile of participants in the workshops and the
criteria for the selection of candidates. It is very important that they have more or
less the same level of knowledge and experience .It is also important to give the
participants sufficient time to perform themselves before the training workshop
5.5 Areas of Potential success
The project progress indicates that the chosen technique(s) in evaluation of
groundwater potential at the eastern desert is feasible in spite of the limited
available data. Thus, the project seemed to provide a replicable technique that
can be adapted in other locations with similar conditions (especially in arid and
remote zones where field data are usually limited or do not exist).
The project accomplishment(s) provide a tool for the Government of Egypt to
evaluate the existing groundwater potential, thus, reduce the stress on surface
water. Egypt is experiencing great chal enges, from government subsidies being
very high and unsustainable to diminishing per capita and per acre water
availability (because of growth) along with deteriorating water quality (salinity,
pol ution, and rural sanitation). The water policy aims to evaluate the existing
(includes the annual 55.5 bcm from the river Nile and potential additional 9 bcm
from expected projects) and available water resources in Egypt including the
potential groundwater availability in the Eastern Desert. This project assists the
government in evaluating the existing groundwater extraction potential in the
eastern desert.
So far, the project focuses on strategic communities in the eastern desert. The
project assessed the potential of water resources in areas where the limited
farming communities in Upper Egypt have been neglected for decades and could
benefit the most from this project for alleviating their poverty. The findings of the
projects could help also in developing these farming communities.
To date, the project exceeded the number of training courses that was agreed
upon during the period of the project. Some courses were repeated and
additional courses were introduced. This indicates that the project wil provide a
group of junior professional engineers with specific expertise in the project
techniques. The potential success in the capacity building of young staff in the
research institutions is considerable.
The project is likely to provide a lead model in linking academic sector to field
work institutions through target research. The project initiative is considered a
good experience for linking academic sector to field work institutions. The
integration of efforts between the MWRI research unit represented by NWRC
together with the CU/IC to execute parts of the research work for the project was
important due to the understanding by NWRC for the existing field data collected
by the institutes in NWRC and the advanced enhancement of field data by CU/IC.
NWRC provided in-depth expectation for the MWRI Groundwater Sector for the
outcome of this project.
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According the conducted evaluation, the project is relevant to UNDP/GEF
priorities. There are 15 operational programs (OPs) through which the GEF
provides grants. Eleven of these reflect GEF's original focal areas: four in the
biodiversity focal area, four in climate change, and three more in international
waters. According to the GEF international waters OP scope, OP focuses on the
ecological status of transboundary water bodies, Operational Program Number 9
focuses on area-wide interventions that typically involve integrated management
of land and water. This project impacts the integrated management of land and
water. The output of the project can be applied in similar arid regions.
- Both parties, Cairo University and NWRC are now more familiars and well
prepared to collaborate and implement new development projects.
- The other potential success is the capacity building of young staff in both
institutions (about 100 persons have been trained). They are able now to handle
advanced technology such as ,remote sensing ,use of GIS, modeling isotope
geochemistry.
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6.0 Project Results
6.1 General
Project contributed to Egypt development priorities in terms of rapidly growing
population. Egypt is experiencing great chal enges, from government subsidies
being very high and unsustainable to diminishing per capita and per acre water
availability (because of growth) along with deteriorating water quality (salinity,
pol ution, and rural sanitation). The water policy aims to evaluate the existing
(includes the annual 55.5 bcm from the river Nile and potential additional 9 bcm
from expected projects) and available water resources in Egypt including the
potential groundwater availability in the Eastern Desert. This project assisted the
government in evaluating the existing groundwater extraction potential in the
eastern desert.
The project assessed the potential of water resources in areas where the farming
communities that have been neglected for decades and could benefit the most
from this project for alleviating their poverty.
The project exceeded the number of training courses that was agreed upon
during the period of the project. Some courses were repeated and additional
courses were introduced.
The website constructed by the Michigan University for this project was
innovative, informative and represented a valuable information resource.
The project initiative is considered a good experience for linking academic sector
to field work institutions. The integration of efforts between the MWRI research
unit represented by NWRC together with the CU/IC to execute parts of the
research work for the project was important due to the understanding by NWRC
for the existing field data collected by the institutes in NWRC and the advanced
enhancement of field data by CU/IC. NWRC provided in-depth expectation for
the MWRI Groundwater Sector for the outcome of this project.
Six talks have been presented. Three talks with CEDARE at organized
workshops. One talk has been presented in Salvador, Brazil during a GEF
organized water conference. In addition, a presentation has been given during
Sept 2005 in New Delhi in a conference on Aquifer Recharge management
organized by UNESCO and GEF-STAP. Another talk will be presented during the
4WWF in Mexico.
The role of surface/groundwater modeling in groundwater assessment was
crucial in the project phases.
The overall financial management of the project seemed well controlled. The
financial system applied the "payment upon delivery" approach for the conducted
tasks. Such approach usual y avoids un-required/unsatisfactory spending.
The project developed technical approach for groundwater water assessment in
arid areas, where basic data are usually lacking or sporadic. Such procedures
can be applied in other similar areas in Egypt or outside.
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6.2 Impacts Beyond the Direct Beneficiaries
The potential of water resources in the Eastern Desert area is assessed and
evaluated. Such issue wil help to avoid any negative impacts on the environment
due to overexploitation of surface and groundwater resources by different users,
mainly private sector.
More attention is given to the water resources in Wadi systems as a potential
renewable water resource for developing arid areas.
The transfer of new cost effective technologies used in assessing and evaluating
water resources, such as new remote sensing technique ( SRTM,
TRMM)coupled with GIS ,isotopes ,modeling .The applications of these
techniques is advantageous ,specially in developing countries (and more
specifically in arid areas) where obtaining basic data sets that are relevant to
hydrogeological investigations is most of the time very difficult or lacking .
The involvement of partners from developed country, as a main partner, is very
adequate for ensuring and accelerating transfer of know how and new
technology.
An integrated and sustainable development plan, including new water strategy for
the Eastern desert is proposed.
Water resources development in Eastern desert, neglected for long time, is now
included within the water policy working plan of the ministry of water resources
and irrigation This was proved in the speech given by HE Minister of water
resources and irrigation in December 2005 workshop in which he mentioned very
clearly that the ministry wil make use of the findings of the project for developing
the area.
The Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation is now more involved in
monitoring the surface and groundwater (monitoring of groundwater level,
installation of rainfall precipitation and runoff gauges. This wil help in controlling
the exploitation of groundwater resources in the area and prevent any
degradation in quality and quantity.
The local community in Eastern desert that has been neglected for decades wil
benefit the most from outputs of this project.
The regional and International communities interested in wadi systems would
benefit from the finding of this project .It is possible to make use of the Arab wadi
hydrology network, sponsoring by UNESCO / The Arab Center for the studies of
arid Zones and Dry Lands ACSAD / Arab League Educational Cultural Scientific
Organization ,ALECSO and hosted by ACSAD Web site, for disseminate the
project results in the Arab region and even at International level through the G-
Wadi network sponsoring also by UNESCO .
It is clear that the there is a commitments from the MWRI to implement the
project outputs and recommendations which was clearly proved during the
workshop of December 11-12 ,2005 workshop which was chaired by H.E. the
minister, President of Cairo University and UNDP representative.
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7.0 Recommendations
The recommendations of this review are conditioned by the remaining budget and
time constraints of the project. For planning purposes and suggestion of appropriate
action plan(s), the recommendations are presented in three groups:
General Recommendations
The general recommendations should be considered for the short/long term
of the project and after the project completion.
Recommendations for immediate implementation
The recommendations for immediate implementation should be considered in
the very near future in order for them to be feasibly implemented before the
end of the project.
Recommendations to be implemented before project closure
These recommendations should be implemented before the end of the
project depending on budget and time practicality.
7.1 General Recommendations
1. Publicize the project as a lead example
The project should be considered as a lead example in arid zones for utilizing
target research and applying scientific tools in addition to base knowledge in
order to serve development purposes.
2. Encourage similar/future target research
Target research projects should be encouraged by GEF and this project should
be utilized to demonstrate the role of good management of groundwater to
release the stress on the use of surface water.
3. Utilize geo-referenced Landsat and similar techniques
Utilization of geo-referenced Landsat Thematic Mapper data to identify surface
runoff and recharge rates should be utilized to compensate for lack of field data.
4. Utilize geochemistry and isotope analysis
Utilization of geochemistry and isotopic analysis for groundwater potential in the
eastern desert should be further utilized in similar arid lands.
5. Government of Egypt should utilize the project output
The Government of Egypt should utilize the outcome of this project in agricultural,
urban, tourism and industrial development planning in the Eastern desert.
6. Fol ow up the implementation of project results
The steering committee should be invited to follow-up and monitor the
implementation of the project results and recommendations, even after the end
up of the project. This committee could, for example, be considered as
consultative committee. GEF/UNDP can provide some financial support to this
committee, even after phase out of the GEF fund or take the initiative to invite the
committee to meet each 4 months for follow up and ensure sustainability.
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7.2 Recommendations for Immediate Implementation
1. Extend the project to first quarter of 2007
Considering the tasks that need to be fulfil ed and the positive accomplishments
that have already been conducted, the project period should be extended to the
first quarter of 2007 as a practical time scheme for the completion of the project
objectives.
2. Strengthen interaction and communication between IC, CU and NWRC
Interaction, communication and technical expertise exchange need to be
strengthened and enhanced between the IC, the CU and the NWRC.
3. If possible, dril 2 wells
If budget permits, at least two wells need to be drilled in the eastern desert to
provide additional data and verify the developed models.
4. Expand Geophysical investigation
Geophysical investigation needs to be expanded to provide regional scope for the
eastern desert project.
5. Accomplish environmental impact assessment
The project needs to accomplish the environmental impact assessment for the
studied area.
6. Facilitate access to activate the utilization of the laboratory for hydrologic
modeling
Relocate the laboratory for hydrologic modeling at Cairo University (CU) to the
Faculty of Engineering to improve utilization and accessibility to the lab.
7. Increase briefing meetings/workshops
Increase the meetings/workshops between the partners working on the project to
refine the conducted work and ensure the proper accomplishment of remaining
tasks. Project steering committee members may attend the meeting to give
periodical evaluation and guidance.
8. During the coming training workshops it is necessary to include more participants
from the ministry (groundwater sector) or NWRC since they are the main
beneficiaries from the project and they wil be requested to implement the
recommendations and results of the project.
9. Since the renewable groundwater in the studied area (mainly aquifers in Wadi
systems) is brackish, and the groundwater from the Nubian is non-renewable, it is
recommended that, for alleviating pressure on the Nubian fresh groundwater, to
perform some studies regarding the use of brackish water in agriculture by
including new varieties of crop supporting salinity and with high productive value.
For this reason it is necessary to invite the ministry of agriculture to joint the
project steering committee.
10. It is also necessary to organize monthly or every two months a seminar where the
involved groups working on different watersheds present their findings and
exchange ideas and experiences .Such approach can help in circulating the
information.
7.3 Recommendations for implementation before project
closure
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1. Propagate the results of the project
The results of this project in the eastern desert should be further utilized in Egypt
and other countries by future related projects.
2. Assess potential investment in the studies area
The project should specifically provide an assessment for investment potential in
the area (mainly for urban/agricultural/other uses).
3. Address socio-economic impact
The project needs to address the socio-economic impact of the proposed
development (if any). However, this recommendation may not be feasible if not
supported under GEF eligible funding.
4. Publicize the finding in local media
The project should utilize the local media to publicize the findings and
recommendations of the project.
5. Draft strategic water plan for the area
A strategic plan for the exploitation of available water resources should be
drafted.
6. Document scenarios and alternatives for development
Finalize a development plan (e.g. preliminary master plan) with alternative
scenarios for the study area focusing on the integrated management and use of
surface and groundwater. The plan should take into account the economic aspect
of water delivery and define the rate of extraction and quantity of available water
resources.
7. Organize de-briefing workshop
A regional workshop should be organized within 2-3 month before the end of the
project. In addition to project partners, the workshop should involve
representatives from the main concerned beneficiaries of the project including
local communities, Ministry of Agriculture, investors, press, neighboring countries,
regional and international organizations.
8. Develop some guidelines and directives for the use of different techniques
Compile the used techniques and provide systematic guidelines and directives to
be implemented in future similar projects.
9. Conduct a socioeconomic assessment in the study area.
10. Organize one or two workshops in modeling or any other domain (a short
investigation could be undertaken with all the participants attended the previous
workshops to explore in which domain they need more training for performing
their capacity).
11. A follow up arrangement for the implementation of the project recommendations
should be settled
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8.0 Lessons Learnt
This project provided several lessons to be learnt and further applied in current/future
similar projects. The lessons learnt from this project are classified in terms of:
Technical approach
Lessons learnt from technical approach should benefit researchers working
on similar projects.
Project management
Lessons learnt from project management should benefit UNDP, GEF,
governments and project managers working on similar projects.
Strategic planning
Lessons learnt from strategic planning should benefit governments and
implementing agencies.
8.1 Technical Approach
1. GIS and geo-referenced Landsat Thematic Mapper data can be used as initial
estimates to identify surface runoff and recharge rates in the case of lack of
field data.
2. The use of isotopic analysis to identify groundwater recharge source(s) and
age proved to be very effective.
3. The technical procedures tested within the present project could be applied in
other areas in Egypt as wel as in neighboring countries with similar natural
conditions to enable the planning of land reclamation with minimum
environmental, financial and social impacts.
4. Integration of groundwater modeling with surface modeling if tested and
proven to be accurate can be very effective to simulate groundwater
scenarios in arid areas.
5. Utilization of Geostatistics (that was not used in this project) could have
enhanced the extrapolation of limited data at the region.
6. Presence of environmental, social and financial consultants in similar projects
may assist in the completion of an integrated development plan during the
progress of the project.
8.2 Project Management
1. Cooperation and coordination between different partners contributing to
similar projects could become a bottle-neck and critical factor for the
successful completion of the objectives.
2. Technical competence of partners and ease of exchange/enhancement of
information is crucial for similar projects.
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3. In terms of financial project management, the implementation of "payment
upon
delivery"
concept
between
various
partners
avoids
un-
required/unsatisfactory spending.
4. It is preferable to arrange a type of questionnaire which can be distributed to
partner institutes requesting proposals regarding the training program
contents, duration ,the way of handling it .Since these institutions are more
involved in practical works ,so they can better define the needs of their
personnel ,in term of training .The out put of these assessment can help to
define better the training programme and make it more profitable .
5. A consultation with main stakeholders and end users should be undertaken
prior the launching any project of development ,even before the design .Some
type of mutual agreements must be set up in which the role and tasks of
different partners are defined .Such approach wil accelerate the
implementation of the project activities and avoid losing time in consultation
with all partners .It also help that each partner consider that he is owner of
the project.
6. Building a possible partnership between scientific and researcher from
academic sector (Cairo University) and applied sector representing here by
the ministry and NWRC) which is not all the time a simple task .Such
approach could be generic for further cooperation between other partners or
the same ones involved in the present project but in other areas with similar
conditions, inside or outside Egypt.
7. There is no unique mechanism for distil ing and incorporating lessons learnt,
but the most effective one is the participatory approach.
8.3 Strategic Planning
1. The project proved that even in hyper arid areas, potential of water resources
exists that if developed and used in rational way could help in alleviating
poverty within the local communities and help in developing new agriculture
communities out side the Nile Delta and Nile River valley.
2. Target research can benefit strategic development planning especially in
complicated and remote areas.
3. The Eastern desert is a potential region for future development and
investment. Carefully studied planning proved to be essential for sustainable
development in this region and similar locations.
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Appendix 1 TOR
Terms of Reference
For
Developing Renewable Groundwater Resources in
Arid Lands, A Pilot Case- the Eastern Desert of Egypt
(EGY/01/G35 00012358)
1. Introduction
The Eastern Desert project is a targeted research project that is funded through the
Global Environmental Facility (GEF), implemented through the United Nations
Development Programme and executed by Cairo University in Egypt. It aims to
develop a replicable model for demonstrating different approaches for the integration
of renewable groundwater resources of watersheds into national water budget in arid
regions.
The project conducts comprehensive studies to evaluate the potential and extent of
alternative water resources arising from sporadic precipitation over large watersheds in
arid and semi-arid areas using the Eastern Desert of Egypt as the pilot site. Various
comprehensive techniques are investigated including the analysis of satel ite images
and digital elevation data, use of geochemical and isotopic techniques, surface and
groundwater modeling, seismic and dril ing data, and field observations. Tasks inferred
by the project include rainfal analysis and prediction of design storms, geo-chemical
and isotopic analysis of GW samples to determine its renewability, soil sampling,
infiltration tests, remote sensing tasks to develop co registered mosaics for geology,
land use, soil, and elevations of the entire Eastern Desert of Egypt, surface water
modeling for all major wadies (narrow valleys), computation of recharge to
quaternary basins, geophysical tests, groundwater modeling, and exploration of
development scenarios.
The project will develop procedures that could be used to accurately estimate the
available groundwater water resources, its distribution, quantity, and development
potential. They could be applied in Egypt as wel as in neighboring countries to
enable planning for water management with minimum environmental, financial, and
social risks. Thus, this project is geared to assist the Government of Egypt in
achieving national goals and policies to meet increased demand of water, and
provides valuable input to the national water resources management strategies and
plans.
2. Objectives of the Evaluation
UNDP has initiated, as an integral part of the project implementation cycle, a midterm
evaluation that wil analyse the achievements of the project against its original
objectives while providing donors, government and project partners with an
independent review of project status. The evaluation wil review technical and
managerial aspects and consider issues of effectiveness, efficiency, relevance,
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impact and sustainability. The evaluation will identify factors that have facilitated
and/or impeded the achievement of objectives and should result in recommendations
and lessons learned that will help in re-orienting and re-prioritizing project activities
and managerial arrangements as needed.
The evaluations wil specifically asses:
Project Design: Relevance of project to Egypt's develop priorities, UNDP
practice areas, GEF themes and needs of beneficiaries and review of project
concept and design in relation to the addressed chal enges and stated
approach for addressing them.
Project Impact: assessment of project achievements to date against the
original objectives, outputs and activities using both process oriented and
technical environmental indicators.
Project Implementation: project management arrangements, quality and
timeliness of output and activities, financial situation including effectiveness,
partner cooperation, capacity building etc.
The assessment should also be extended to cover the logical framework matrix using
appropriate indicators for the project.
3. Products Expected from the Evaluation
Based on the above points on project design, impact and implementation, the
evaluation mission should prepare a comprehensive report according to the attached
outline in Annex I. The report should:
Assess the extent to which the project objectives have been met and where
gaps are evident identifying causes of slow progress, if any, and suggesting
remedial measures);
Document lessons learned from the project thus far discussing elements that
have and/or have not worked well and discussing re-prioritization of
scheduled activities (if needed);
Provide recommendations to strengthen project performance in terms of
effectiveness, efficiency, impact, implementation, execution and sustainability
of the project.
4. Methodology for Evaluation
The evaluation wil be based on information obtained from reviewing documents such
as the project document, project brief, quarterly progress reports, Annual Project
Report (APR) and minutes from Tripartite Review and minutes from relevant
meetings. The mission should also rely on information gathered through field visits
and interviews with target beneficiaries and project staff including government
officials, University professors and/or consultants. Interviews should include Cairo
University, Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (National Water Research
Centre and Groundwater Institute).
5. Implementation Arrangements
The consultant(s) will be contracted by UNDP country office in consultation with
UNDP-GEF. The Project Management Unit shall arrange for the consultant all
necessary site visits and meetings in Egypt according to the ToR. UNDP country
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office in coordination with the project management unit shall arrange logistics for the
mission including hotel reservation and transportation during the mission. The
mission will maintain close liaison with UNDP Resident Representative, concerned
agencies of the government, any members of the international or national team of
experts as well as the Project Management Unit.
The findings of the mission will be presented in a seminar including all stakeholders.
Three hard copies and one electronic copy of a draft final report should be submitted
for review to UNDP-Cairo Office, UNDP-GEF Coordinator for the Arab States and
the UNDP-GEF Principal Technical Advisor on International Waters, two weeks after
the end of the mission. The consultant(s) will be allowed two weeks from receiving
feedback to respond to the comments from Cairo and New York and submit a final
report. Three copies of the final report and one electronic copy are required.
6. REQUIREMENTS OF THE EVALUATION TEAM:
The Consultant shal be a water quality specialist with technical expertise recognized
at international level. S/He must have an advanced university degree preferably in
engineering/ water science fields with 10-15 years of relevant experience preferably
in the groundwater sector and technical issues related to water in developing
countries. Previous involvement and understanding of UNDP's procedures is an
advantage and extensive international experience in the fields of project formulation,
execution, and evaluation is required. The consultant should also possess strong
technical writing and analytical skil s coupled with relevant experience in results-
based monitoring and evaluation techniques. The consultant should be well
acquainted with general water resources development related information in Egypt
and in particular groundwater and have strong linkages with the water sector. The
consultant should be fluent in English and Arabic and possess strong technical,
writing and analytical skil s
7. DURATION:
The total duration of the consultancy wil be 10 days of which the consultant wil
spend 4 days in Cairo for meeting and interviewing the key partners in the project
and will be allowed six days to read the supporting documents and prepare the
evaluation report.
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ANNEX 1
REPORT OUTLINE
ACRONYMS AND TERMS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY :
What are the context and purpose of the evaluation?
What are the main conclusions, recommendations and lessons learnt?
INTRODUCTION:
Whose decision was it to evaluate the project?
What is the purpose of the evaluation?
What products are expected from the evaluation?
How will the evaluation results be used?
What are the key issues addressed by the evaluation?
What was the methodology used for the evaluation?
What is the structure of the content of the evaluation report?
THE PROJECT
When did the project start and what is its duration? What are the problems
the project seeks to address?
What are the immediate and development objectives of the project?
Who are the main stakeholders?
What results are expected?
PROJECT CONCEPT AND DESIGN
Did the project document clearly define: problem to be addressed- project
approach and strategy- implementation and management arrangements -
linkages among objectives, inputs, activities, outputs and expected
outcomes and impact?
Are the immediate objectives and outputs properly stated, significant,
realistic and verifiable?
How relevant is the project to: development priorities of Egypt and UNDP
thematic areas (i.e., poverty eradication and sustainable development -
environmental and natural resource sustainability, millennium
development goals)
Was the project prepared in a participatory manner?
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION:
Efficiency
- How well did the project use its resources to produce target outputs?
- To what extent are local expertise (by gender) and indigenous
technologies and resources used?
Effectiveness:
- What is the project status with respect to target outputs in terms of
quantity, quality and timeliness? What factors impeded or facilitated
the production of such outputs?
- How useful are the outputs to the needs of the direct beneficiaries? Is
there a general acceptance of the outputs by these beneficiaries?
- Do the outputs contribute to the achievement of the immediate
objectives of the project? What signs indicate this? Are monitoring
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and evaluation indicators appropriate or is there a need to develop or
improve indicators?
- Is the project expected to induce an impact on legislations, regulations
and national policies in the water sector in Egypt?
- Is the proposed technology cost-effective for Egyptian conditions?
Implementation and Management Arrangements of the project:
- How appropriate are the execution and implementation modalities?
- How well is the project management, its organizational setup, rules and
procedures for its functioning, decision-making process, compliance
with decisions adopted for implementation?
- How adequate are monitoring and reporting mechanisms?
- How adequate is the support provided by the UNDP country office?
- Do stakeholders, particularly the direct beneficiaries, participate in the
management of the project? If yes, what are the nature and extent of
their participation, by gender?
- What is the relevance of the quantity and quality of purchased
equipment to the project needs?
- Are there any major changes in activities or workplan from the project
document occurred? If yes, what are the reasons for the changes?
Areas of corrective action:
- What problems in project implementation need to be resolved?
- What are the flaws, if any, in design, implementation, monitoring and
evaluation?
Areas of potential success:
- Are there any early indications of potential success?
PROJECT RESULTS
Given the indicators established by the project and/or recommended by
the evaluation team:
- How has the project contributed to the development of the capacity of
the direct beneficiaries to carry out their tasks in an environment of
change in terms, a). individual learning and b). improving
organizational structures and interrelationships?
- What are the likely impacts of the project beyond the direct
beneficiaries?
- Are there any signs of potential contribution to enabling environment
or to a broader development context (ie. Institutional, socio-political,
economic and environmental)?
- Are the project results systematically disseminated?
What factors affect the implementation of the project?
- Is there adequate government commitment to the project?
- Do the stakeholders have a sense of ownership to the project?
- Have a mechanism been put in place to ensure the sustainability of the
project results?
RECOMMENDATIONS
What corrective actions are recommended for the design, implementation,
monitoring and evaluation of the project?
What actions are recommended to follow-up or reinforce initial benefits
from the project and ensure replicability?
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Are there any necessary modifications to the project document to be
considered?
What are actions needed to ensure sustainability of the project after phase
out of the GEF funds?
LESSONS LEARNT
What are the main lessons that can be drawn from the project experience
that may have generic application?
What are the best and worst practices in formulating, implementing,
monitoring, and evaluating a capacity development project?
What is the mechanism for distilling and incorporating lessons learnt?
LIST OF ANNEXES
ToR,
Persons interviewed
List of documents reviewed
Any other relevant materials.
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Appendix II List of Interviewee
Dr. Ahmad Wagdi, PM, Cairo University
Dr. Mohamed Bayoumi, Programme Specialist, UNDP/GEF Egypt.
Dr. Mohamed Sultan, IC, Head of Geosciences Department Western
Michigan University
Dr. Fatma AbdelRahman Attiah, Professor, Ex-Head of Water Sector, MWRI
Dr. Ahmed Rashad Khater, Director Groundwater Research Institute (RIGW)
Dr. Mohamed AbdelMotaleb, Director Water Resources Research Institute
(WRRI)
Dr. Khaled Abu-Zeid, Professor, Steering Committee Member (CEDARE)
Nahed Mohamed Khalil, Head , Groundwater Sector, MWRI
Dr. Akram Fekry, Head of Technical Office, RIGW
Dr. Abdo Ismail, Hydrogeology, RIGW
Dr. Mohamed Sonbol, Associate Professor, WRRI
Dr.Taher Mohamed Hassan, Professor, RIGW
Eng. Shayma El Sayed, Engineer, Groundwater Sector
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Appendix IV References
1- Project document for the GEF/UNDP Funded Project ,Entitled;
Developing Renewable Groundwater Resources in Arid lands; A Pilot Case
Study the Eastern Desert.
2- Inception Report, October 2002 of the Project
3- Evaluation Form, Groundwater modeling using GMS
4- Application of Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques for Hydrological
Investigation of Wade Systems in the Eastern Desert of Egypt, December
2005.
5- Surface Water Modeling for Wade Dara the Eastern Desert Project
6- Geochemical and Isotopic Constraints on the Origin of the Eastern Desert
Groundwater.
7- Geophysical Investigations in Wade Dara Area Assessment of
Hydrogeological Setting in View of the Interpreted Measures Receptivity Data
8- Surface Water Modeling Tasks ( 2) 29-32 Wadi Sannour
9- Hydrological Modeling Tasks ( 3) 29- 32 Wadi Qena
10- Surface Water Modeling Tasks ( 2) 29-32 Wade Qena
11- Geophysical Investigations in Wadi Dara Area .Previous Studies on Wade
dara Area.
12- Surface Water Modeling Tasks ( 2) 29-32 ,Wade Abbad .
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